Editing Crocodylus

{{Short description|Genus of reptiles}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Late [[Oligocene]] - [[Holocene|recent]], {{fossil range|25|0}}
| image = PK Kirthar NP asv2020-02 img25.jpg
| image_caption = [[Mugger crocodile]] (''C. palustris'')
| taxon = Crocodylus
| authority = [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768
| type_species = ''[[Crocodylus niloticus]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Laurenti]], 1768
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = ''See text''
| synonyms = {{Collapsible list |title={{clear}} |
{{Genus list
| Bombifrons | Gray, 1862
| Crocodillus | Scopoli, 1777
| Crocodilus | Gmelin, 1789
| Crocodilus | Laurenti, 1768
| Crocodylus | Gronovius, 1763
| Mecistops | Gray, 1844
| Molina | Romer, 1956
| Molinia | Gray, 1862
| Motinia | Gray, 1844
| Oopholis | Gray, 1844
| Oxycrocodylus | Hoser, 2012
| Palinia | Gray, 1844
| Philas | Gray, 1874
| Temsacus | Gray, 1862
}}
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{IRMNG | 1329411 | ''Crocodylus'' | 17 April 2022}}</ref>
| range_map = Crocodylus Distribution.png
| range_map_caption = Worldwide distribution of ''Crocodylus''
}}

'''''Crocodylus''''' is a [[genus]] of true [[crocodiles]] in the family [[Crocodylidae]].

==Taxonomy==
The [[Genus|generic]] name, ''Crocodylus'', was proposed by [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti]] in 1768.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laurenti |first1=J.N. |author-link=Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti |year=1768 |title=Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austriacorum |trans-title=Medical Treatise, Exhibiting an Emended Synopsis of Reptiles, with Experiments Concerning Venoms and Antidotes for Austrian Reptiles |location=Vienna |publisher=Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern |chapter=XV. Crocodylus |chapter-url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN362231184?tify={%22pages%22:[55],%22view%22:%22%22} |pages=53–55}}</ref> ''Crocodylus'' contains 13–14 [[extant taxon|extant]] (living) species and 5 [[extinct]] species. There are additional extinct species attributed to the genus ''Crocodylus'' that studies have shown no longer belong, although they have not yet been reassigned to new [[Genus|genera]].<ref name=C.thorbjarnarsoni>{{Cite journal | last1 = Brochu | first1 = C.A. |author-link=species:Christopher A. Brochu | last2 = Storrs | first2 = G.W. |author2-link=species:Glenn W. Storrs | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2012.652324 | title = A giant crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene of Kenya, the phylogenetic relationships of Neogene African crocodylines, and the antiquity of ''Crocodylus'' in Africa | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 32 | issue = 3 | pages = 587 | year = 2012 | bibcode = 2012JVPal..32..587B | s2cid = 85103427 }}</ref>

===Extant species===
The 13–14 living species are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Taxon authority !! Common name !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Croc profile (2), NPSPhoto (9255693421).jpg|120px]] || ''Crocodylus acutus ''|| ([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1807) || [[American crocodile]] ||Southern Florida and the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of north Mexico to North America as far south as Peru and Venezuela, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Grand Cayman.
|-
|
|''Crocodylus halli'' <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Murray | first1 = Christopher M. |author-link=species:Christopher M. Murray | last2 = Russo | first2 = Peter |author2-link=species:Peter Russo | last3 = Zorrilla | first3 = Alexander |author3-link=species:Alexander Zorrilla | last4 = McMahan | first4 = Caleb D. |author4-link=species:Caleb D. McMahan | year = 2019 | title = Divergent Morphology among Populations of the New Guinea Crocodile, ''Crocodylus novaeguineae'' (Schmidt, 1928) Diagnosis of An Independent Lineage and Description of A New Species. | journal = Copeia | volume = 107 | issue = 3| pages = 517–523 | doi = 10.1643/CG-19-240 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|| [[species:Christopher M. Murray|Murray]], [[species:Peter Russo|Russo]], [[species:Alexander Zorrilla|Zorrilla]] & [[species:Caleb D. McMahan|McMahan]], 2019 || [[Crocodylus halli|Hall's crocodile]]
|southern New Guinea
|-
|[[File:Caiman del orinoco, Amazonas.JPG|120px]] || ''Crocodylus intermedius  ''|| ([[:fr:Louis Graves|Graves]], 1819) || [[Orinoco crocodile]] ||Colombia and Venezuela
|-
|[[File:Australien-Krokodil.JPG|120px]] || ''Crocodylus johnstoni''  || [[Gerard Krefft|Krefft]], 1873 || [[Freshwater crocodile]]  ||Northern regions of Australia
|-
|[[File:Crocodylus mindorensis Köln Zoo 31122014 1.jpg|120px]] ||''Crocodylus mindorensis''  || [[Karl Patterson Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1935 || [[Philippine crocodile]] ||Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park within the Luzon rainforest, San Mariano, Isabela, Dalupiri island in the Babuyan Islands, Abra (province) in Luzon and the Ligawasan Marsh, Lake Sebu in South Cotabato, Pulangi River in Bukidnon, and possibly in the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary in Mindanao
|-
|[[File:Crocodylus moreletii - Tiergarten Schönbrunn 2.jpg|120px]] || ''Crocodylus moreletii '' || ([[Auguste Duméril|A. H. A. Duméril]] & [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], 1851) || [[Morelet's crocodile]] or Mexican crocodile ||Mexico, Belize and Guatemala
|-
|[[File:Crocodylus - Crocodile - Krokodil - 02.jpg|120px]] || ''Crocodylus niloticus''|| [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768 || [[Nile crocodile]] or African crocodile,  (the subspecies found in Madagascar, ''C. n. madagascariensis'', is sometimes called the black crocodile)  || Israel and Syria (historically), Somalia, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Egypt, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Gabon, Angola, South Africa, Malawi, Mozambique, Sudan, South Sudan, Botswana, and Cameroon
|-
|[[File:Neuguinea-krokodil-0272.jpg|120px]] || ''Crocodylus novaeguineae''|| Schmidt, 1928 || [[New Guinea crocodile]]  ||northern New Guinea
|-
|[[File:Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) from Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary JEG4362.JPG|120px]] || ''Crocodylus palustris''|| ([[René Primevère Lesson|Lesson]], 1831) || [[Mugger crocodile]], marsh crocodile, or Indian crocodile  ||southern Iran, southern Pakistan, southern Nepal, India, Sri Lanka
|-
|[[File:Saltwater Croc from Sundarbans India.jpg|120px]] ||  ''Crocodylus porosus ''|| [[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]], 1801 || [[Saltwater crocodile]] or estuarine crocodile  ||Eastern India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and Northern Australia
|-
|[[File:CubanCrocodile 001.jpg|120px]] ||  ''Crocodylus rhombifer  ''|| (Cuvier, 1807) || [[Cuban crocodile]]  || Cuba
|-
|[[File:Crocodylus siamensis (head, mouth open, in zoo).jpg|120px]] || ''Crocodylus siamensis''|| Schneider, 1801 || [[Siamese crocodile]]  ||Indonesia (Borneo and possibly Java), Brunei, East Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.
|-
|[[File:Kachikally-crocodile-pool-manify.jpg|120px]] || ''Crocodylus suchus''|| [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|Geoffroy]], 1807 || [[West African crocodile]] or desert crocodile ||  Mauritania, Benin, Liberia, Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Gabon, Togo, Ivory Coast and Republic of Congo
|-
| || ''[[Crocodylus raninus]]''  (Considered to be a synonym of ''Crocodylus porosus''; its status remains unclear).<ref>{{EMBL species|genus=Crocodylus|species=porosus}} www.reptile-database.org.</ref>|| [[Salomon Müller|S. Müller]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1844 || [[Borneo crocodile]]
|Borneo
|-
|}

===Fossils===
''Crocodylus'' also includes five [[extinct]] [[species]]:<ref name=C.thorbjarnarsoni/>
* † ''[[Crocodylus anthropophagus]]'' is an extinct crocodile from Plio-Pleistocene of Tanzania. 
* † ''[[Crocodylus checchiai]]'' is an extinct crocodile from Late Miocene of Kenya.
* † ''[[Crocodylus falconensis]]'' is an extinct crocodile from Early Pliocene of Venezuela.
* † ''[[Crocodylus palaeindicus]]'' is an extinct crocodile the Miocene to the Pleistocene of southern Asia.
* † ''[[Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni]]'' is an extinct crocodile from Plio-Pleistocene of Kenya.

==Evolution==
''Crocodylus'' likely originated in Africa and radiated outwards towards Southeast Asia and the Americas,<ref name="Hekkala2021"/> although an Australia/Asia origin has also been considered.<ref name="Oaks2011">{{cite journal|last1= Oaks|first1= J.R.|author-link=species:Jamie Richard Oaks |title=A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles |journal= Evolution |volume= 65|issue= 11|year= 2011|pages= 3285–3297|doi= 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x|pmid= 22023592|s2cid= 7254442|doi-access= free}}</ref> [[Phylogenetic]] evidence supports ''Crocodylus'' diverging from its closest recent relative, the extinct ''[[Voay]]'' of [[Madagascar]], around 25 million years ago, near the [[Oligocene]]/[[Miocene]] boundary.<ref name="Hekkala2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Hekkala |first1=E. |last2=Gatesy |first2=J. |last3=Narechania |first3=A. |last4=Meredith |first4=R. |last5=Russello |first5=M. |last6=Aardema |first6=M. L. |last7=Jensen |first7=E. |last8=Montanari |first8=S. |last9=Brochu |first9=C. |last10=Norell |first10=M. |last11=Amato |first11=G. |date=2021-04-27 |title=Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, ''Voay robustus '' |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=505 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0 |pmid=33907305 |pmc=8079395 |issn=2399-3642 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Phylogeny===
A 2018 [[tip dating]] study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using [[morphology (biology)|morphological]], molecular ([[DNA sequencing]]), and [[stratigraphic]] ([[fossil]] age) data established the inter-relationships within [[Crocodylidae]].<ref name="LeeYates2018">{{cite journal | author=Lee, Michael S. Y. |author-link=species:Michael S.Y. Lee |author2=Yates, Adam M. |author2-link=species:Adam Michael Yates |date=27 June 2018 |title=Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume=285 |issue=1881 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.1071 |pmid=30051855 |pmc=6030529 |doi-access=free}}</ref>  In 2021, Hekkala ''et al.'' were able to use [[paleogenomics]], extracting DNA from the extinct ''[[Voay]]'', to better establish the relationships within Crocodylidae, including the subfamilies [[Crocodylinae]] and [[Osteolaeminae]].<ref name="Hekkala2021"/>

The below [[cladogram]] shows the results of the latest study:
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:85%
|label1='''[[Crocodylidae]]'''
|sublabel1=([[crown group]])
|1={{clade
 |label1=[[Osteolaeminae]]
 |1={{clade
  |1={{clade
   |1=''Mecistops cataphractus'' [[West African slender-snouted crocodile]]
   |2=''[[Euthecodon]]''{{extinct}} }}
  |2={{clade
   |1=''[[Brochuchus]]''{{extinct}}
   |2={{clade
    |1=''[[Rimasuchus]]''{{extinct}}
    |2={{clade
     |1=''Osteolaemus osborni'' [[Osborn’s dwarf crocodile]]
     |2=''Osteolaemus tetraspis'' [[Dwarf crocodile]] }} }} }} }}
 |label2=[[Crocodylinae]]
 |2={{clade
  |1=''[[Voay]]''{{extinct}}
  |label2='''''Crocodylus'''''
  |2={{clade
   |1={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |1=''[[Crocodylus anthropophagus]]''{{extinct}}
     |2=''[[Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni]]''{{extinct}} }}
    |2={{clade
     |1=''[[Crocodylus palaeindicus]]''{{extinct}}
     |2=''Crocodylus'' Tirari Desert{{extinct}} }} }}
   |2={{clade
    |label1=Asia+Australia
    |1={{clade
     |1={{clade
      |1=''Crocodylus johnstoni'' [[Freshwater crocodile]] [[File:Freshwater crocodile white background.jpg|70 px]]
      |2={{clade
       |1=''Crocodylus novaeguineae'' [[New Guinea crocodile]]
       |2=''Crocodylus mindorensis'' [[Philippine crocodile]] }} }}
     |2={{clade
      |1=''Crocodylus porosus'' [[Saltwater crocodile]] [[File:Crocodylus porosus white background.jpg|80 px]]
      |2={{clade
       |1=''Crocodylus siamensis'' [[Siamese crocodile]] [[File:Siamese Crocodile white background.jpg|50 px]]
       |2=''Crocodylus palustris'' [[Mugger crocodile]] [[File:Mugger crocodile white background.jpg|70 px]] }} }} }}
    |label2=Africa+New World
    |2={{clade
     |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Crocodylus checchiai]]''{{extinct}}
      |2=''[[Crocodylus falconensis]]''{{extinct}} }}
     |2={{clade
      |1=''Crocodylus suchus'' [[West African crocodile]]
      |2={{clade
       |1=''Crocodylus niloticus'' [[Nile crocodile]] [[File:Nile crocodile white background.jpg|70 px]]
       |label2=New World
       |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |1=''Crocodylus moreletii'' [[Morelet's crocodile]]
         |2=''Crocodylus rhombifer'' [[Cuban crocodile]] [[File:Cuban crocodile white background.jpg|50 px]] }}
        |2={{clade
         |1=''Crocodylus intermedius'' [[Orinoco crocodile]]
         |2=''Crocodylus acutus'' [[American crocodile]] [[File:American crocodile white background.jpg|70 px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Crocodilia|C.}}
{{Extinct Crocodilia|C.}}
{{Crocs}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q309495}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Crocodylidae]]
[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Reptile genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti]]